Guillermos Furniture Store Scenario Essay Example for Free

Guillermos Furniture Store Scenario Essay Financial principles, financial markets, and business ethics construct a major infrastructure for financial decisions that all managers or supervisors must make on a constant basis. The purpose of this paper is to explain the financial concepts found in this week’s readings and how these concepts relate to the Guillermo’s Furniture Store Scenario. According to the text reading, â€Å"the principles of finance, described in this section and the two that follow, are based on logical deduction and on empirical observation† (Chapter 2, p. 20). Until the late 1990s, Guillermo’s Furniture Store retained its competitive advantage in the furniture market. The arrival of a new overseas competitor entering the furniture market, decreased furniture prices, and increased labor costs posed as a new challenge for the organization (University of Phoenix, 2009). For several years, Guillermo’s Furniture Store dominated the furniture manufacturing market with the ideal supply of timber to create a variation of types of furniture. As a result, the owner did not know how to forecast the new challenges that faced the company. As the new competition starts to enter the furniture market, these competitors have developed an advanced technology that produces a more customized product to meet consumer demand. With labor costs rising, Guillermo did not realize these changes and how this would affect his current business. Guillermo’s Furniture Store will need to consider the principle of self-interested behavior to help minimize the risks associated with the changes in the furniture business to meet customer expectations. The concept of the principle of self-interested behavior basically implies that with a level playing field in the furniture business meaning all aspects of the business equals one another, then Guillermo will need to act or perform in the best financial interest of his own company. One option for Guillermo’s Furniture Store would be to purchase a high-tech laser lather operating equipment for manufacturing the product. This would be an example of the principle of self-interested behavior as it is an important corollary of this principle (Emery, Finnerty, Stowe, 2007). This action will create a more desirable competing action for the benefit of his organization. Guillermo could also consider becoming a furniture manufacturer for a Norway company by facilitating all distributing pathways and this behavior is an example of the principle of valuable ideas. Emery, Finnerty Stowe state, â€Å"new products or services can create value, so if you have a new idea, you might then transform it into extraordinary positive value for yourself† (Chapter 2, p. 24). This type of behavior is clear if the owner decides to patent the current process for coating the furniture as it creates new ideas. Guillermo will need to consider ways to create value by developing exceptional customer service with the creation of better products and services at the lowest possible price without sacrificing the quality of the product or service. The competition is fierce overseas as a direct result of inexpensive parts and labor. The furniture store will have to create the lowest and best quality product to meet consumer demands. Guillermo will need to meet the competition with its market presence by focusing on remaining competitive with the patent process. In order to make a strategic decision on which process will be best for the furniture store, Guillermo will need to take a closer look at the financial statements to make the financial decision. Strategic analysis of financial transaction is one of the most vital facets of an organization with regard to important business decisions. This type of analysis assists any business owner or manager in deciding which type of alternative or plan would be most beneficial to the company. These decisions should also consider the impact on the market and the competition as well as the organization. Guillermo will need to discover the financial impact of either choice mentioned above to make the best decision. Reference Emery, D. R., Finnerty, J. D., Stowe, J. D. (2007). Corporate Financial Management (3rd ed). Chapter 2: The Financial Environment: Concepts and Principles. Prentice Hall, Inc: A Pearson Education Company. University of Phoenix. Guillermo’s Furniture Store Data. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, Corporate Finance-FIN571 website. University of Phoenix (2012). Guillermo’s Furniture Store Scenario. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, Corporate Finance-FIN571 website

Zoos: Pitiful Dirty Prisons Essay -- essays research papers fc

Zoos: Pitiful Dirty Prisons If you have ever stepped into a zoo, you have stepped into a prison in which the inmates are defenseless and innocent, the sentence is long, and the penalty is cruel and severe. Zoos are not made for educational purposes but for entertainment, they do not benefit animals but push them toward extinction. "Zoos range in size and quality from cage-less parks to small roadside menageries with concrete slabs and iron bars." (Zoos: Pitiful Prisons.) The larger the zoo and the greater the number and variety of the animals it contains, the more it costs to provide quality care for the animals. Although more than 112 million people visit zoos in the U.S. and Canada every year, most zoos operate at a loss and must find ways to cut costs (which sometimes means selling animals) or add gimmicks that will attract visitors. (Zoos: Pitiful Prisons.) Zoo officials often consider profits over the animals' well- being.(Zoos: Pitiful Prisons.) A former director of the Atlanta Zoo once rem arked that he was "too far removed from the animals; they're the last thing I worry about with all the other problems." (Zoos: Pitiful Prisons.) Zoos are nothing more than animal prisons maintained for human amusement, not for education. ("Zoocheck".) Most zoo enclosures are quite small, and labels provide little more information than the species name, diet, and natural range. (Zoos: Pitiful Prisons.) The animals' normal behavior is seldom discussed, much less observed, because their natural needs are seldom met. Birds' wings may be clipped so they cannot fly, aquatic animals often have little water, and the many animals who naturally live in large herds or family groups are often kept alone or, at most, in pairs. (Zoos: Pitiful Prisons.) Natural hunting and mating behaviors are virtually eliminated by regulated feeding and breeding regimens. (Zoos: Pitiful Prisons.) The animals are closely confined, lack privacy, and have little opportunity for mental stimulation or physical exercise. Animals forced to endure such confinement often display abnormal and self-destructive behavior called "Zoochosis".(Zo os: Pitiful Prisons.) Zoochosis is a mental illness; symptoms include pacing, neck twisting, and other repetitive behaviors.("Zoocheck".) &... ...oadside zoos at all costs. If no one visits these substandard operations, they will be forced to close down. Contact PETA and start your own "Zoocheck" program in your local zoo. Zoos claim that they are good for research, but the purpose of most zoos' research is to find ways to breed and maintain more animals in captivity. If zoos ceased to exist, so would the need for most of their research. The key to saving exotic animals lies in saving their habitat, not removing them from it only to be placed in an unnatural and abusive environment.("Zoocheck".) Works Cited Zoo Target of "Bloody" Protest Over African Elephants PETA News Release http://www.peta-online.org/news/basel199.htm Zoocheck PETA's Action for Activists http://www.peta-online.org/library/actionideas/zoo.htm 21, Nov. 1999 Zoos:Pitiful Prisons Campaigns http://www.peta-online.org/cmp/ccircfs3.-html 21, Nov. 1999

Drink-at-Home, Inc Essay

CASE 2: DRINK-AT-HOME, INC. Drink-At-Home, Inc. (DAH, Inc. ), develops, processes, and markets mixes to be used in nonalcoholic cocktails and mixed drinks for home consumption. Mrs. Lee, who is in charge of research and development at DAH, Inc. , this morning notified Mr. Dick Jones, the president, that exciting developments in the research and development section indicate that a new beverage, an instant pina colada, should be possible because of a new way to process and preserve coconut. Mrs. Lee is recommending a major program to develop the pina colada. She estimates that expenditure on the development may be as much as $100,000 and that as much as a year’s work may be required. In the discussion with Mr. Jones, she indicated that she thought the possibility of her outstanding people successfully developing such a drink now that she’d done all the really important work was in the neighborhood of 90 percent. She also felt that the likelihood of a competing company developing a similar product in 12 months was 80 percent. Mr. Jones is strictly a bottom line guy and is concerned about the sales volume of such a beverage. Consequently, Mr. Jones talked to Mr. Besnette, his market research manager, whose specialty is new product evaluation, and was advised that a market existed for an instant pina colada, but was some-what dependent on acceptance by both grocery stores and retail liquor stores. Mr. Besnette also indicated that the sales reports indicate that other firms are considering a line of tropical drinks. If other firms should develop a competing beverage the market would, of course, be split among them. Mr. Jones pressed Mr. Besnette to make future sales estimates for various possibilities and to indicate the present (discounted value of future profits) value. Mr. Besnette provided Table 1. Mr. Besnette’s figures did not include (1) cost of research and development, (2) cost of new production equipment, or (3) cost of introducing the pina colada. The cost of the new production equipment is expected to be $ 100,000 because of the special way the coconut needs to be handled, and the cost of introducing the new product is expected to be about $150,000 because of the point-of purchase displays that would be necessary to introduce the new product. Mrs. Lee has indicated that she does have alternative development proposals, which are: 1. A reduced research program to see someone else comes out with the product first and if not, then proceed with a crash program. The reduced program for the first eight months would cost $10,000 per month. One advantage of this is that if the effort was unsuccessful, then development costs would be held to the eight-month figure (8 months ? $ 10,000 = $80,000). The likelihood of success under this approach is the same as the more orderly development. (The likelihood of a competing company developing a product in 8 months is 60 percent.) The crash development program would take place in months 9 through 12 and would cost an additional $60,000. It would proceed only if the eight-month study guaranteed a success. 2. Use a reduced research program and maintain an awareness of industry developments to see if someone else develops a product. If someone else has developed a product at the end of six months, it would cost only an additional $30,000 to analyze their product and duplicate it. The reduced development program would cost $10,000 per month. Mr. Besnette, being the great marketer that he is, is of course reluctant to be second on the market with a new product. He says that the first product on the market will usually obtain a greater share of the market, and it will be difficult to win those customers back. Consequently, he indicates that only about 50 percent of the sales that he indicated in Table 1 could be expected if Drink-at-Home waited until competing brands were already on the market. Moreover, he suspects that there is only a 50/50 chance that the competitor will be out with a product within the next six months. There are four options: (1) orderly development of the pina colada, (2) modest development effort followed by the crash program, (3) a modest development effort for the first six months to see if a competitive product comes on the market, and (4) do nothing. TABLE 1. Sales and Profit Potentials Consumer Acceptance Substantial Moderate Low (Sales Potential) Probability Present Values 0. 10 0. 60 0. 30 (Discounted Value of Future Profits) $800,000 $600,000 $500,000 What would you recommend? Show all supporting solutions/computations. Source: http://wps. pearsoned. co. uk/ema_ge_render_qam_11/202/51952/13299854. cw/content/index. html.

Factors Influencing Teenage Girls Made - 922 Words

Projected Findings When asked if environmental factors had an influence on major decisions teenage girls made pertaining to their body 40%(ten out of twenty-five) of the teenage girls stated that environment factors have influenced their decision on their body. Thirty six percent (nine out of twenty-five) of the young ladies surveyed responded that they have people they can talk to in their home or neighborhood when making decisions. Sadly, only 20% of the young ladies recorded being aware of the correct usage of contraceptives before their first sexual experience. Seventy two percent (eighteen out of twenty five) of the young ladies stated they understood what it took to make a baby. Forty eight percent of the young ladies surveyed stated they lived in a financially stable home. What constituted a financially stable home in this research was a parent or parents who have been working a job consistently for 6 months or more. Forty four percent (eleven out of twenty five) of the young ladies agreed that promiscuous behavior led to unwanted pregnancies. The young ladies who did not agree often bought up friends and family members around them who were very promiscuous and did not get pregnant like they did. Forty percent (ten out of twenty five) stated they understood how the spread of HIV and STIs are transmitted. A common pattern the teenage girls stated is that you can tell when somebody has a sexually transmitted disease orShow MoreRelatedReality Shows : Helping Or Hurting Teenage Girls?1370 Words   |  6 PagesHurting Teenage Girls?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While teenage pregnancy has been on the rise in America since the 1950’s, researchers have been trying to look for an ideal solution that will help solve the problem by declining teenage birth rates. Perhaps there is a potential solution after all. What could this solution possibly be? Well, it might be as simple as the reality shows â€Å"16 and Pregnant† and â€Å"Teen Mom† on the MTV network. Ever since airing in 2009, the shows â€Å"16 and Pregnant† and â€Å"Teen Mom† have made a positiveRead MoreSocial Media and Society Negatively Influence Gender Roles1376 Words   |  5 Pagesneed to consider the many factors that influence and enforce gender roles and at what point they are the most influential in a person’s life. People no matter what age they are, are affected by perpetual gender prejudices. However, the age at which everyone is the most vulnerable is between the ages of 9 and 15. At these ages kids are just beginning to find themselves. 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In October 2011 Jamaica was ranked 3rd in a report of countries with the highest crime rates by the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development . The country has taken a turn for the worst over the past few years. OurRead MoreThe Globalization Of Eating Disorders1623 Words   |  7 Pagesthe story of a young girl â€Å"never fat to begin with, she’s been on a diet for a couple of weeks and has finally reached her goal weight of 115 at 5 to 4 inches†¦ but in her eyes she still looks dumpy† (639). The author goes on to make a point to this narrative, but just the thought of this girl’s unhappy nature with herself, is enough to captivate the audiences’ emotions. 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Energy and Material Use in Semiconductor Devices - 902 Words

2 Articles The 1.7 Kilogram Microchip: Energy and Material Use in The Production of Semiconductor Devices, E. D. Williams, R.U. Ayres Summary Kilogram microchip implants that track peoples movements or allow shoppers to purchase groceries with the wave of a finger may soon be more than science fiction: One scientist is working to make them part of everyday reality. The computer that controls the environment in Warwicks office recognizes his presence because the implant - a glass capsule 23 millimeters long containing kilogram microchips - sends a unique signal. The computer can then adjust the lights and heat to Warwicks pre-set preferences. The key to implants usefulness is that unique signal, which many speculate could be used as a cross between a social security number and a PIN, allowing computers in your home, workplace, car, grocery store, and hospital to recognize you. You wouldnt have to worry about losing your keys again: Your car and your house would automatically admit you. (Of course, if the implant broke or the computers went down, youd face the high-tech equivalent of losing your keys.) At the bank or grocery store, implantees could transfer funds or buy provisions without ever having to reach for a wallet or purse. Such implants might tempt criminals to attack individuals and forcibly remove the implants in order to steal a persons identity or access his bank account. However, implants could be designed to give off a distress signal if they wereShow MoreRelatedOrganic Components Of Organic Semiconductors1427 Words   |  6 Pages Organic semiconductors Abstract: This paper covers advantages of organic semiconductors over the conventional one’s and also the use of organic semiconductors and polymers to make OLED’s and PLED’s. Introduction: An organic semiconductor is an organic material with semiconductor properties. They can be divided into single molecules, oligomers or polymers. 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The Hip Hop Genre Essay - 1530 Words

The Hip Hop Genre ‘It can be reasonably argued that the vast majority of musical production at any one time involves musicians working in relatively stable ‘genre worlds’ within which ongoing creative practice is not so much about sudden bursts but he continual production of familiarity†¦.. such rules may guide the notes a guitarist may select to play†¦ the way a star may conduct themselves in public†¦ the way the audiences behave†¦ and how journalists may aesthetically evaluate a performance’ Negus K.†¦show more content†¦Rappers are fighting other rappers. The 50 cent versus Ja Rule feud is a good example, the story is different depending on who’s side you listen to, Ja Rule says there wasn’t enough respect shown to him on a video shoot, the two of them are from the same town, 50 cent says it was because Ja Rule’s chain was stolen in a club an he spoke to the guy that stole it. 50 cents track Wanksta is allegedly aimed at Ja Rule. It has now turned into a dissing war using the music to put across their views and arguments about each other etc. However its now turned into a war between the labels, Muder Inc versus shady/aftermath which includes Eminem, Dr Dre, Obie Trice and D12 as well as G-Unit and 50 cent. 50 Cent often said that Ja Rule was a Tupac wannabe and that he could never be as great as Tupac, so Jas reply was to make a diss track with one of Tupacs former friends Fatal Hussein from Tupacs crew The Outlawz, this track was calle d the wrap and Ja Rule said it was the final diss in the feud, whether it is remains to be seen, but let shope this doesn’t escalate to any actual gun violence because nobody in hip hop wants to see either artist killed. All this being put out so publically effects the fans, they start to act like their favourite stars, get into arguments with other fans and something that starts out as a simple misunderstanding is blown out of allShow MoreRelatedHip Hop And The Music Genre927 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Hip-Hop? 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Hip hop is a cultural movement that emerged in the 1970s in the United States among Latin Americans, Jamaicans and African American that aimed to protest the social conflicts and violence suffered by the lower classes of urban society. Hip Hop is a genre of music that has significantly grown the last couple of decades. Since the music hip pop stems from the historical conditions by different nations, hip hop becameRead MoreHip Hop : A Genre Of Music1431 Words   |  6 PagesHip hop is widely know as a genre of music that started in a New York City borough called the Bronx in the late 1970s, but it is more than just the music. Hip hop is a culture that consists of being a disc jockey which is also known as deejaying or turntabling, MCing or rhyming â€Å"rapping†, graffiti, fashion, and breakdancing. Hip hop was mostly an underground culture only know to the people living in the Bronx. 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Strategy and Decision Making Creativity and Innovation

Question: Discuss about the Strategy and Decision Makingfor Creativity and Innovation. Answer: Introduction Decision making in any organization entails choosing a specific course of action from among alternatives to be able to respond to the problems as well as opportunities that present themselves to the organization. Success and effective running of any organization starts and ends with good decision making. The organization needs to implement programmed as well as non -programmed decision making for it to be effective. None-programmed decision making entails coming up with the right information and ideas that will address novel problems and opportunities that emergence in the organization. [1]Such decision making is able to address the problems and opportunities in the organization that had never been experienced before. On the other hand, programmed decision making entails coming up with responses able to address problems and opportunities within the organization that have been experienced before. It involves making decision that enable the organization to address problems and opportunities that recur after having arisen and been addressed before. To ensure that problems and opportunities are dealt with appropriately immediately they arise, organizations design a performance program to guide its employees on how to address the opportunities and problems that may arise along the way. [2]A performance program therefore is a standard sequence of behaviour that guide the operations and conduct of the members of the organization and which the members are expected to follow routinely whenever confronted by a problem or an opportunity within the organization. According to the Classical decision making model, after a while, the non-programmed decision making becomes programmed decision making as the organization gets used to it. [3]Due to the fact that decision makers are used to making decisions to address problems and opportunities in the organization, it is assumed that the decision maker is always equipped with the necessary information which they will always choose from whenever confronted with a problem and an opportunity within the organization. The Classical decision making model offers a prescriptive approach on how people within the organization should make decisions. [4]This approach presents four essential steps in the decision making process. These include; Listing all the available decision making alternatives that can address the problem or opportunity presented. Against each alternative, list the likely consequences that will arise as a result of using the alternative decision making approach. Consider your best choice that you think would address the problem and opportunity effectively and rank the consequences from the one you would prefer most to the least. Select the alternative that if used will result to the best set of consequences that you would prefer In any given organization, the leadership acts as the focal point in decision making. As a result, good and efficient leadership is directly proportional to the effectiveness of the decisions made. [5]An organization that is able to come up with the decision making best strategies to address its problems and opportunities is regarded to have good leadership. This is because leaders are the head of the organization and as a result are in charge of the decision making process after which they communicate the decision making strategy to the rest of the organization. Due to the changes in the trends of doing business brought about by factors such as technological advancements and globalization, it is essential that the leadership of any given organization embraces and encourages creativity as well as innovation. An innovative approach to leadership entails bringing up new ideas, management styles as well as leadership styles that when implemented are able to change the face of the organization and improve its output. [6]An innovative leader thinks about how they can transform the face of the organization. Similarly, they come up with the best decision making strategies to address problems that seem impossible to handle. Moreover, an innovative leader is flexible and employs the use of alternatives to address problems for the organization. Furthermore, innovative leadership does not begin and end with the leader. It is about openness and creation of an organizational climate that allows other members of the organization to apply their innovative thinking in the resolution of the problems as well as in the development of new products for the organization. In order for there to be creativity in the organization, the leadership of the organization ought to actively implement strategies geared towards encouraging innovation and creativity. This is characterised by the creation of a conducive environment that is able to promote the creative and innovative culture within the organization. [7]One way through which leaders can encourage innovation and creativity in decision making in the organization is by encouraging diversity among the employees of the organization while at the same time they develop an effective leadership strategy that is able to promote and sustain innovation and creativity within the organization. [8]Innovative organizational leadership encourages and promotes growth of a culture of innovation and creativity within the organization as opposed to hiring a few creative and innovative persons in the organization. With a creative and innovative culture within the organization, the leadership together with the employees are able to think differently as well as employ new ways of working to face any challenge that may arise while at the same time are able to come up with creative and innovative ideas to address any problem or opportunity that may arise within the organization. Through creativity and innovation, the organization is able to stay alive despite any challenges that may arise at the same time stay ahead of the competition that may present itself in the market. [9]Today, unlike in yester years, globalisation has completely changed the global competition in the market. This change hassled to the increase in the rivalry and vast possibilities among organizations. Many are the times organizations have been closed, others facing consequences such as shorter products, service as well as process life cycle. To remain relevant and compete favourably in the market under the harsh conditions, organizations have no other option but to strive for continuous enhancement, development as well as think out of the box. This entails creativity and innovation. Through creativity and innovation, the organization is able to embrace out-of the-box-thinking which enables its leadership as well as employees to embrace decision making strategies able to address emerging problems as well as handle opportunities that may arise. [10]To enable an effective use of creativity and innovation to enhance the level of decision making strategies, organizations and their lead ership should develop a clear framework comprising of structures as well as guidelines that will enable the organization to measure and enhance the level of innovation and creativity among its employees and guide them in their decision making strategies of the benefit of the organization. In order for the organization to make viable decisions able to address its problems and opportunities, it is of significance for the organization to put great emphasis on creativity and innovation by using a continuous updated, clear as well as a well formulated organizational strategy. [11]The main purpose of putting up an innovation strategy in the organization is to enable the organization to establish processes as well as creation of an infrastructure and climate able to tap the creative and innovative capability of every employee within its system and utilize this capability to the full benefit of the organization. [12]To enhance organizational creativity and innovation in decision making, it is paramount for the organizational leadership to be effective and put up strategies able to promote creativity and innovation throughout the entire organization. This calls for a systematic as well as sustainable leadership effort within the organization as through this, the organizational potential is able to be realized. The creative environment and culture should be created from the top as this will set the level and guide the employee in the organization on how they are supposed to use their creative potential in the decision making process within the organization. [13]It is therefore the duty of the leadership of the organization to actively promote creativity generating initiatives while at the same time eliminate the barriers to effective decision making as well as oversee the formulation of innovative strategies that will work as a guideline to the organization in decision making whenever the organization is confronted with problems and opportunities in its life cycle. Creative decision making in an organization can be promoted through motivation as well as investing in team-building structures. [14]According to Nagasundaram and Bostrom (1994), creative people in an organization perform better when the organization has minimal hierarchy, puts in place team building structures as well as when the individual is motivated through rewards and incentives that are well re-thought. However, the organization should embrace intrinsic incentives as opposed to extrinsic incentives like rewards to encourage creative and innovative decision making among its employees. [15]Intrinsic incentives entail incentives geared towards enhancing pleasure within the employee to overcome a challenging problem. This works better that extrinsic incentives and rewards such as giving cash bonuses. The organizational leadership should work towards eliminating any scenarios that may make the employee feel as if they are being controlled. [16]Measures such as surveillance, limitation authority for the employee to make their own decisions and making employees feel as they are being given bribes to influence their decision making should be eliminated. Instead, the leadership of the organization should focus on creating a culture of innovation and creativity and putting in place guidelines that guide the employees in decision making without necessarily feeling as they are controlled in their decision making. [17]The employee should be given the liberty to make decisions that affect their area of jurisdiction without interference from the leadership of the organization. However, in the exercise of liberty in decision making, the employee must adhere to the set guidelines within the organization. [18]Therefore creative and innovative decision making entails effective leadership and facilitation as opposed to control and manipulation. It entails creation of a creative environment where there are clear organizational goals and objectives. Similarly, a creative environment ensures that the employees of the organization have the autonomy and freedom to come up with decision making strategies that will enable achievement of the goals and objectives of the organization freely without any form of interference. Hence creativity and innovation makes the decision making process to be novel, original and innovative. Therefore, apart from culture, strategy, technology among other management tools, creativity and innovation serves as an essential factor that drives the success of the organization through ensuring effective decision making. [19]To further encourage a culture of innovation and creativity in decision making within the organization, the leadership should create an environment that ensures that employees are guided by clear organizational goals and problem statements. [20]Moreover, the employee should be allowed the autonomy to explore alternative decisions, experiment with the new decisions and at times to fail in t he decision making strategies. Hence autonomy and free will promotes rational-decision making among employees in the organization. Through autonomy, the employee is able to act deliberately, without any form of coercion in their thinking and reasoning. This ends up influencing the individual in their rational decision-making process. [21]Max Weber viewed autonomy as an essential component in the rational decision making process. In his writing on Methodology of the Social Sciences, Weber maintained that human beings have the habit of associating their freedom o feeling with the actions which they consciously perform and that in the absence of coercion, human being are able to make rational decisions. [22]Autonomy hence encourages creativity and innovation among an organizations employees. 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